© 1999 Robert A. Freitas Jr. All Rights Reserved.

Robert A. Freitas Jr., Nanomedicine, Volume I: Basic Capabilities, Landes Bioscience, Georgetown, TX, 1999

1.2.1.9 Fully Invasive Surgery

The fully invasive surgery of the 19th and 20th centuries rests upon the triple foundation of anatomy, anesthesia, and asepsis. Each has an interesting story, described below, presaging the emergence of the rational-scientific approach to medical treatment.

Last updated on 5 February 2003