© 1999 Robert A. Freitas Jr. All Rights Reserved.

Robert A. Freitas Jr., Nanomedicine, Volume I: Basic Capabilities, Landes Bioscience, Georgetown, TX, 1999

4.4 Force Nanosensors

Piconewton forces may be applied and must be detected by medical nanodevices. Pendulum- and cantilever-based sensors may be used to probe nanoscale forces, to monitor the ambient gravitational field, to measure molecular-scale masses to single-proton accuracy, and to discriminate among molecules having different isotopic composition.

Last updated on 17 February 2003