Nanomedicine, Volume I: Basic Capabilities
© 1999 Robert A. Freitas Jr. All Rights Reserved.
Robert A. Freitas Jr., Nanomedicine, Volume I: Basic Capabilities, Landes Bioscience, Georgetown, TX, 1999
APPENDIX B. Concentrations of Human Blood Components (compiled and adapted from References 749, 753757, 825, 1019, 1604, 1712, 2223).
In Plasma
Component In Whole Blood or Serum
(gm/cm3) (gm/cm3)
Water 0.81-0.86 0.93-0.95
Acetoacetate 8-40 x 10-7 4-43 x 10-7 Acetone 3-20 x 10-6
Acetylcholine 6.6-8.2 x 10-8
Adenosine triphosphate
- total 3.1-5.7 x 10-4
- phosphorus 5-10 x 10-5
Adrenocorticotrophic
hormone 2.5-12 x 10-11
- @ 6AM, mean 5.5 x 10-11
- @ 6AM, maximum <12 x 10-11
- @ 6PM, mean 3.5 x 10-11
- @ 6PM, maximum <7.5 x 10-11
Alanine 2.7-5.5 x 10-5 2.4-7.6 x 10-5
Albumin 3.5-5.2 x 10-2
Aluminum 1-40 x 10-8 1-88 x 10-8
Aldosterone
- supine 3-10 x 10-11
- standing, male 6-22 x 10-11
- standing, female 5-30 x 10-11
Amino acids
- total 3.8-5.3 x 10-4
- nitrogen 4.6-6.8 x 10-5 3.0-5.5 x 10-5
a-Aminobutyric acid 1-2 x 10-6 1-2 x 10-6
d-Aminolevulinic acid 1.5-2.3 x 10-7
Ammonia nitrogen 1-2 x 10-6 1.0-4.9 x 10-7
AMP, cyclic
- male 5.6-10.9 x 10-9
- female 3.6-8.9 x 10-9
Androstenedione
- male >18 yrs 2-30 x 10-10
- female >18 yrs 8-30 x 10-10
Androsterone 1.5 x 10-7
Angiotensin I 1.1-8.8 x 10-11
Angiotensin II (Renin) 1.2-3.6 x 10-11
a-Antitrypsin 7.8-20 x 10-4
Arginine 6-17 x 10-6 1.3-3.6 x 10-5
Arsenic
- normal range 2-62 x 10-9
- chronic poisoning 100-500 x 10-9
- acute poisoning 600-9300 x 10-9
In Plasma
Component In Whole Blood or Serum
(gm/cm3) (gm/cm3)
Ascorbic acid
(Vitamin C) 1-15 x 10-6 6-20 x 10-6
Aspartic acid 0-3 x 10-6
Aspartic acid (in WBCs) 2.5-4.0 x 10-4 9-12 x 10-6
Bicarbonate 5-5.7 x 10-4
Bile acids 2-30 x 10-6 3-30 x 10-6 Bilirubin 2-14 x 10-6 1-10 x 10-6
Biotin (Vitamin H) 7-17 x 10-9 9-16 x 10-9
Blood Urea Nitrogen
(BUN) 8-23 x 10-5
Bradykinin 7 x 10-11
Bromide 7-10 x 10-9
Cadmium
- normal 1-5 x 10-9
- toxic 0.1-3 x 10-6
Calciferol (Vitamin D2) 1.7-4.1 x 10-8
Calcitonin (CT) <1.0 x 10-10
Calcium
- ionized 4.48-4.92 x 10-5 4.25-5.25 x 10-5
- total 8.4-11.5 x 10-5
Carbon dioxide
(respiratory gas)
-arterial 8.8-10.8 x 10-4 3.0-7.9 x 10-5
-venous 9.8-11.8 x 10-4 3.3-8.3 x 10-5
Carbon monoxide
(as HbCO)
- nonsmokers 0.5-1.5% total Hb
- smokers,
1-2 packs/day 4-5% total Hb
- smokers,
2 packs/day 8-9% total Hb
- toxic >20% total Hb
- lethal >50% total Hb
Carcinoembryonic
antigen <2.5 x 10-9
b-Carotene 3-25 x 10-7
Carotenoids 2.4-23.1 x 10-7
Cephalin 3-11.5 x 10-4 0-1 x 10-4
Ceruloplasmin 1.5-6 x 10-4
Chloride, as NaCl 4.5-5 x 10-3 3.5-3.8 x 10-3
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In Plasma
Component In Whole Blood or Serum
(gm/cm3) (gm/cm3)
Copper 9-15 x 10-7 - male 7-14 x 10-7
- female 8-15.5 x 10-7
Corticosteroids (male & female) 1-4 x 10-6
Corticosterone 4-20 x 10-9
Cortisol 3-23 x 10-8
- 8 AM 6-23 x 10-8
- 4 PM 3-15 x 10-8
- 10 PM ~50% of 8 AM value
C-peptide
- fasting 0.5-2.0 x 10-9
- maximum 4 x 10-9
C-reactive protein 6.8-820 x 10-8
Creatine
- male 1.7-5.0 x 10-6
- female 3.5-9.3 x 10-6
Creatinine 1-2 x 10-5 5-15 x 10-6
- male 0.8-1.5 x 10-5
- female 0.7-1.2 x 10-5
Cyanide
- nonsmokers 4 x 10-9
- smokers 6 x 10-9
- nitroprusside therapy 10-60 x 10-9
- toxic >100 x 10-9
- lethal >1000 x 10-9
Cystine 6-12 x 10-6 1.8-5 x 10-5
Dehydroepiandrosterone
DHEA
- aged 1-4 yrs 0.2-0.4 x 10-9
- aged 4-8 yrs 0.1-1.9 x 10-9
- aged 8-10 yrs 0.2-2.9 x 10-9
- aged 10-12 yrs 0.5-9.2 x 10-9
- aged 12-14 yrs 0.9-20 x 10-9
- aged 14-16 yrs 2.5-20 x 10-9
- male 0.8-10 x 10-9
- female, premenopausal 2.0-15 x 10-9
DHEA sulfate (male) 1.99-3.34 x 10-6
DHEA sulfate (female)
- newborn 1.67-3.64 x 10-6
- pre-pubertal children 1.0-6.0 x 10-7
- premenopausal 8.2-33.8 x 10-7
- pregnancy 2.3-11.7 x 10-7
- postmenopausal 1.1-6.1 x 10-7
11-Deoxycortisol 1-7 x 10-8
Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
- male 3-8 x 10-9
- female 1-10 x 10-10
Diphosphoglycerate
(phosphate) 8-16 x 10-5
DNA 0-1.6 x 10-5
Dopamine <1.36 x 10-10
Enzymes, total <6 x 10-5
Epidermal growth factor
(EGF) <1 x 10-11
Epinephrine
- after 15 min rest 3.1-9.5 x 10-11
- when emitted 3.8 x 10-9 2-2.5 x 10-9
Ergothioneine 1-20 x 10-5
In Plasma
Component In Whole Blood or Serum
(gm/cm3) (gm/cm3)
Cholecalciferol
(Vitamin D3)
- 1, 25-dihydroxy 2.5-4.5 x 10-11 - 24,25-dihydroxy 1.5 x 10-9
- 25-hydroxy 1.4-8 x 10-8
Cholecystokinin
(pancreozymin) 6.04 x 10-11
Cholesterol
-LDLC 0.5-2.0 x 10-3
-HDLC 2.9-9.0 x 10-4
-total 1.15-2.25 x 10-3 1.2-2 x 10-3
Choline, total 1.1-3.1 x 10-4 3.6-3.5 x 10-4
Chorionic gonadotropin
- Menstrual 0-3 x 10-11
- Pregnancy, 1st trimester 5-3300 x 10-10
- Pregnancy, 2nd trimester 20-1000 x 10-10
- Pregnancy, 3rd trimester 20-50 x 10-10
- Menopausal 3-30 x 10-11
Citric acid 1.3-2.5 x 10-5 1.6-3.2 x 10-5
Citrulline 2-10 x 10-6
Clotting Factors
- I Fibrinogen 1.2-1.6 x 10-3 2-4 x 10-3
- II Prothrombin 1 x 10-4
- III Tissue
thromboplastin 1 x 10-6
- V Proaccelerin 5-12 x 10-6
- VII Proconvertin 1 x 10-6
- VIII Antihemophilic
factor 1 x 10-7
- IX Christmas factor 4 x 10-6
- X Stuart factor 5 x 10-6
- XI Plasma thrmb.
anteced. 4 x 10-6
- XII Hageman factor 2.9 x 10-5
- XIII Fibrin stabiliz. factor 1 x 10-5
- Fibrin split products <1 x 10-5
- Fletcher factor 5 x 10-5
- Fitzgerald factor 7 x 10-5
- von Willebrand factor 7 x 10-6
Cobalamin (Vitamin B12) 6-14 x 10-10 1-10 x 10-10
Cocarboxylase 7-9 x 10-8
Complement
- C1q 5.8-7.2 x 10-5
- C1r 2.5-3.8 x 10-5
- C1s (C1 esterase) 2.5-3.8 x 10-5
- C2 2.2-3.4 x 10-5
- C3 (b1C-globulin) 8-15.5 x 10-4
- Factor B
(C3 proactivator) 2-4.5 x 10-4
- C4 (b1E-globulin) 1.3-3.7 x 10-4
- C4 binding protein 1.8-3.2 x 10-4
- C5 (b1F-globulin) 5.1-7.7 x 10-5 - C6 4.8-6.4 x 10-5
- C7 4.9-7 x 10-5
- C8 4.3-6.3 x 10-5
- C9 4.7-6.9 x 10-5
- Properdin 2.4-3.2 x 10-5
Compound S 1-3 x 10-9
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In Plasma
Component In Whole Blood or Serum
(gm/cm3) (gm/cm3)
Erythrocytes (#/cm3)
- adult male, avg.
(range) 5.2 (4.6-6.2) x 109
- adult female, avg.
(range) 4.6 (4.2-5.4) x 109
- children,
varies with age 4.5-5.1 x 109
- reticulocytes 25-75 x 106
Erythropoietin
- adult, normal 0.5-2.5 x 10-10
- pregnant 2.7-6.2 x 10-10
- hypoxia or anemia 0.8-8.0 x 10-8
Estradiol (E2) (male) 8-36 x 10-12 Estradiol (E2) (female)
- follicular (days 1-10) 1-9 x 10-11
- mean 5 x 10-11
- pre-fertile (days 10-12) 10-15 x 10-11
- fertile (days 12-14) 35-60 x 10-11
- luteal (days 15-28) 20-40 x 10-11
- pregnancy 3-70 x 10-7 - postmenopausal 1-3 x 10-11
Estriol (E3)
- nonpregnant <2 x 10-9
- pregnancy, weeks 22-30 3-5 x 10-9
- pregnancy, weeks 32-37 6-11 x 10-9
- pregnancy, weeks 38-41 25-170 x 10-9
Estrogen (male) 4-11.5 x 10-11
Estrogen (female)
- prepubertal <4 x 10-11
- 1-10 days 6.1-39.4 x 10-11
- 11-20 days 12.2-43.7 x 10-11
- 21-30 days 15.6-35 x 10-11
- postmenopausal <4 x 10-11
Estrone (E1)
- male 2.9-17 x 10-11
- female, follicular 2-15 x 10-11
- female, 1-10 days of cycle 4.3-18 x 10-11
- female, 11-20 days of cycle 7.5-19.6 x 10-11
- female, 20-29 days of cycle 13.1-20.1 x 10-11
- pregnancy, weeks 22-30 3-5 x 10-9
- pregnancy, weeks 32-37 5-6 x 10-9
- pregnancy, weeks 38-41 7-10 x 10-9
Ethanol
- social high 0.5 x 10-3
- reduced coordination 0.8 x 10-3
- depression of CNS >1 x 10-3
- confusion, falling down 2.0 x 10-3
- loss of consciousness 3.0 x 10-3
- coma, death >4 x 10-3
Fat, neutral (see Triglycerides)
Fatty acids, nonesterified
(free) 8-25 x 10-5
Fatty acids, esterified 2.5-3.9 x 10-3 7-20 x 10-5 Fatty acids, total 1.9-4.5 x 10-3
Ferritin
- male 1.5-30 x 10-8
- female 0.9-18 x 10-8
In Plasma
Component In Whole Blood or Serum
(gm/cm3) (gm/cm3)
a1-Fetoprotein 0-2 x 10-8
Flavine adenine
dinucleotide 8-12 x 10-8
Fluoride 1-4.5 x 10-7 1-4.5 x 10-7
Folate 2.2-17.3 x 10-9
- in erythrocyte 1.67-7.07 x 10-7
Folic acid (Vitamin M) 2.3-5.2 x 10-8 1.6-2 x 10-8
Fructose 0-5 x 10-5 7-8 x 10-5
Furosemide glucuronide 1-400 x 10-6
Galactose (children) <2 x 10-4
Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) <1.25-4.0 x 10-10
Gastrin
- mean 7 x 10-11
- maximum <20 x 10-11
Globulin, total 2.2-4 x 10-2
a1-Globulin 1-4 x 10-3
a2-Globulin 4-10 x 10-3
b-Globulin 5-12 x 10-3 g-Globulin 6-17 x 10-3
Glucagon
- range 5-15 x 10-11
- mean 7.1-7.9 x 10-11
Glucosamine
- fetus 4-6 x 10-4 4.2-5.5 x10-4
- child 5-7 x 10-4 5.2-6.9 x 10-4
- adult 6-8 x 10-4 6.1-8.2 x 10-4
- aged 7-9 x 10-4 7.0-8.9 x 10-4
Glucose
- newborn 2-3 x 10-4
- adult 6.5-9.5 x 10-4 7-10.5 x 10-4
- diabetic 14-120 x 10-4
Glucuronic acid 4.1-9.3 x 10-5 8-11 x 10-6
Glutamic acid 2-28 x 10-6
Glutamine 4.6-10.6 x 10-5
Glutathione, reduced 2.5-4.1 x 10-4 0
Glycerol, free 2.9-17.2 x 10-6
Glycine 1.7-2.3 x 10-5 8-54 x 10-6
Glycogen 1.2-16.2 x 10-5 0
Glycoprotein, acid 4-15 x 10-4
GMP, cyclic 0.6-4.4 x 10-9
Gonadotropic
releasing hormone 1-80 x 10-12 Guanidine 1.8-2.3 x 10-6
Haptoglobin 3-22 x 10-4
Hemoglobin 1.2-1.75 x 10-1 1-4 x 10-5
- newborn 1.65-1.95 x 10-1
- children,
varies with age 1.12-1.65 x 10-1
- adult, male 1.4-1.8 x 10-1
- adult, female 1.2-1.6 x 10-1
- inside erythrocyte ~3.3 x 10-1
- per red blood cell 27-32 picograms
Hexosephosphate P 1.4-5 x 10-5 0-2 x 10-6
Histamine 6.7-8.6 x 10-8
Histidine 9-17 x 10-6 1.1-3.8 x 10-5
Hydrogen ion (pH 7.4) 4 x 10-11
b-Hydroxybutyric acid 1-6 x 10-6 1-9 x 10-6
17-Hydroxycorticosteroids 4-10 x 10-8
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In Plasma
Component In Whole Blood or Serum
(gm/cm3) (gm/cm3)
17-Hydroxyprogesterone,
- male 20-250 x 10-11 17-Hydroxyprogesterone
- female:
- follicular 20-80 x 10-11
- luteal 80-300 x 10-11
- postmenopausal 4-50 x 10-11
17-Hydroxyprogesterone
- child 20-140 x 10-11
Immunoglobin A (IgA) 5-39 x 10-4
Immunoglobin D (IgD) 0.5-8.0 x 10-5
Immunoglobin G (IgG) 5.0-19 x 10-3
Immunoglobin M (IgM) 3.0-30 x 10-4
Immunoglobin E (IgE) <5 x 10-7
Indican 8-50 x 10-7
Inositol 3-7 x 10-6
Insulin 2.0-8.4 x 10-10
Insulin-like growth factor I 9.9-50 x 10-8
Iodine, total 2.4-3.2 x 10-8 4.5-14.5 x 10-8
Iron, adult 4-6 x 10-4 6-18 x 10-7
Isoleucine 9-15 x 10-6 1.2-4.2 x 10-5
Ketone bodies 2.3-10 x 10-6 1.5-30 x 10-6
a-Ketonic acids, adult 1-30 x 10-6
L-Lactate
- arterial <11.3 x 10-5 4.5-14.4 x 10-5
- venous 8.1-15.3 x 10-5 4.5-19.8 x 10-5
Lead
- normal 1-5 x 10-7 1-7.8 x 10-8
- toxic >6-10 x 10-7
Lecithin 1.1-1.2 x 10-3 1-2.25 x 10-3
Leptin 1.2 x 10-8
Leucine 1.4-2 x 10-5 1.2-5.2 x 10-5
Leukocytes (#/cm3)
Total:
- birth 9.0-30.0 x 106
- pediatric 4.5-15.5 x 106
- adult, range 4.3-11.0 x 106
- adult, median 7.0 x 106
Neutrophils: birth 6.0-26.0 x 106
- pediatric 1.5-8.5 x 106
- adult, range 1.83-7.25 x 106
- adult, median 3.65 x 106
Eosinophils: birth 0.4 x 106
- pediatric 0.2-0.3 x 106
- adult, range 0.05-0.7 x 106
- adult, median 0.15 x 106
Basophils: adult, range 0.015-0.15 x 106
- adult, median 0.03 x 106
Lymphocytes: birth 2-11 x 106
- pediatric 1.5-8.0 x 106
- adult, range 1.5-4.0 x 106
- adult, median 2.5 x 106
Monocytes: birth, range 0.4-3.1 x 106
- birth, median 1.05 x 106
- pediatric 0.4 x 106
- adult, range 0.21-1.05 x 106
- adult, median 0.43 x 106
In Plasma
Component In Whole Blood or Serum
(gm/cm3) (gm/cm3)
Phagocytes: birth, range 6-26 x 106
- birth, median 11 x 106
- pediatric, range 1.5-8.5 x 106
- pediatric, median 4.1 x 106
- adult, range 3.5-9.2 x 106
- CD4 cell count 0.5-1.5 x 106
Lipase P 1.2-1.4 x 10-4
Lipids, total 4.45-6.1 x 10-3 4-8.5 x 10-3
Lipoprotein (Sr 12-20) 1-10 x 10-4
Lithium 1.5-2.5 x 10-8
Lysine 1.3-3 x 10-5 2-5.8 x 10-5
Lysozyme (muramidase) 1-15 x 10-6
a2-Macroglobulin
- pediatric 2-7 x 10-3
- male, adult 0.9-4.0 x 10-3
- female, adult 1.2-5.4 x 10-3
Magnesium 3.2-5.5 x 10-5 1.8-3.6 x 10-5
Malic acid 4.6 x 10-6 1-9 x 10-6
Manganese 0-2.5 x 10-7 0-1.9 x 10-7
Melatonin
- Day 1.35-1.45 x 10-11
- Night 6.07-7.13 x 10-11
Mercury
- normal <1 x 10-8
- chronic >20 x 10-8
Methemoglobin 4-6 x 10-4
Methionine 4-6 x10-6 1-15 x 10-6
Methyl guanidine 2-3 x 10-6
b-2-microglobulin 8-24 x 10-7
MIP-1a 2.3 x 10-11
MIP-1b 9 x 10-11
Mucopolysaccharides 1.75-2.25 x 10-3 Mucoproteins 8.65-9.6 x 10-4
Nerve growth factor (NGF) 6-10 x 10-9
Nicotinic acid 5-8 x 10-6 2-15 x 10-7
Nitrogen
- respiratory gas 8.2 x 10-6 9.7 x 10-6
- total, nonrespiratory 3-3.7 x 10-2
Norepinephrine
- after 15 min rest 2.15-4.75 x 10-10
- when emitted 8.1 x 10-9 8.5 x 10-9
Nucleotide, total 3.1-5.2 x 10-4
Ornithine 4-14 x 10-6
Oxalate 1-2.4 x 10-6
Oxygen (respiratory gas)
- arterial 2.4-3.2 x 10-4 3.9 x 10-6
- venous 1.6-2.3 x 10-4 1.6 x 10-6
Oxytocin
- male 2 x 10-12
- female, nonlactating 2 x 10-12
- female,
pregnant 33-40 wks 32-48 x 10-12
Pancreatic polypeptide 5-20 x 10-11
Pantothenic acid
(Vitamin B5) 1.5-4.5 x 10-7 6-35 x 10-8
Para-aminobenzoic acid 3-4 x 10-8
Parathyroid hormone
(PTH) 2-4 x 10-10
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In Plasma
Component In Whole Blood or Serum
(gm/cm3) (gm/cm3)
Pentose, phosphorated 2-2.3 x 10-5
Phenol, free 7-10 x 10-7
Phenylalanine 8-12 x 10-6 1.1-4 x 10-5
Phospholipid 2.25-2.85 x 10-3 5-12 x 10-5
Phosphatase, acid,
prostatic <3 x 10-9
Phosphorus
- inorganic, adult 2-3.9 x 10-5 2.3-4.5 x 10-5
- inorganic, children 4.0-7.0 x 10-5
- total 3.5-4.3 x 10-4 1-1.5 x 10-4
Phytanic acid <3 x 10-6
Platelets (#/cm3)
- range 1.4-4.4 x 108
- median 2.5 x 108
Platelet Derived
Growth Factor 5.0 x 10-8
Polysaccharides, total 7.3-13.1 x 10-4
Potassium 1.6-2.4 x 10-3 1.4-2.2 x 10-4
Pregnenolone 3-20 x 10-10 Progesterone (male) 12-20 x 10-11
Progesterone (female)
- follicular 0.4-0.9 x 10-9
- midluteal 7.7-12.1 x 10-9
- pregnancy, weeks 16-18 30-66 x 10-9
- pregnancy, weeks 28-30 70-126 x 10-9
- pregnancy, weeks 38-40 131-227 x 10-9
Proinsulin
- fasting 0.5-5 x 10-10 - mean 1.42-1.70 x 10-10
Prolactin (male) <20 x 10-9
- while awake 1-7 x 10-9 - during sleep 9-20 x 10-9
Prolactin (female)
- follicular <23 x 10-9
- luteal 5-40 x 10-9
Proline 1.2-5.7 x 10-5
Prostaglandins
- PGE 3.55-4.15 x 10-10
- PGF 1.26-1.56 x 10-10
- 15-keto-PGF2a 5 x 10-10
- 15-keto-PGE2 <5 x 10-11
Protein, total 1.9-2.1 x 10-1 6.0-8.3 x 10-2
Protoporphyrin 2.7-6.1 x 10-7
PSA (prostate-specific antigen) 0-5 x 10-9
Pseudoglobulin I 8-19 x 10-3
Pseudoglobulin II 2-8 x 10-3
Purine, total 9.5-11.5 x 10-5
Pyrimidine nucleotide 2.6-4.6 x 10-5 2-12 x 10-7
Pyridoxine
(Vitamin B6) 3.6-90 x 10-9
Pyruvic acid 3-10 x 10-6 3-12 x 10-6
RANTES 7 x 10-11
Relaxin
- day <100 preparturition <2 x 10-9
- day 100 to 2 days preceding 5-40 x 10-9
- day preceding parturition 100-200 x 10-9
- day following parturition <2 x 10-9
Retinol (Vitamin A) 1-8 x 10-7
In Plasma
Component In Whole Blood or Serum
(gm/cm3) (gm/cm3)
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) 1.5-6 x 10-7 2.6-3.7 x 10-8
RNA 5-8 x 10-4 4-6 x 10-5
Secretin 2.9-4.5 x 10-11
Serine 3-20 x 10-6
Serotonin
(5-hydroxytryptamine) 1.55-1.81 x 10-7 0.8-2.1 x 10-7
Silicon 1.4-2.95 x 10-6 2.2-5.7 x 10-6
Sodium 3.1-3.4 x 10-3
Solids, total 2-2.5 x 10-1 8-9 x 10-2
Somatotropin
(growth hormone) 4-140 x 10-10
Sphingomyelin 1.5-1.85 x 10-3 1-4 x 10-4
Succinic acid 5 x 10-6 Sugar, total 7-11 x 10-4
Sulfates, inorganic 8-12 x 10-6
Sulfur, total 3.8-5 x 10-2 3.1-3.8 x 10-2
Taurine 3-21 x 10-6
Testosterone (male)
- free 5.6-10.2 x 10-11
- total 275-875 x 10-11
Testosterone (female)
- free 0.24-0.38 x 10-11
- total 23-75 x 10-11
- pregnant 38-190 x 10-11
Thiamine (Vitamin B1) 3-10 x 10-8 1-9 x 10-8
Thiocyanate 5-14 x 10-6
- nonsmoker 1-4 x 10-6
- smoker 3-12 x 10-6
Threonine 1.3-2 x 10-5 0.9-3.2 x 10-5
Thyroglobulin (Tg) <5 x 10-8
Thyroid hormone 4-8 x 10-8
Thyrotropin-releasing
hormone 5-60 x 10-12
Thyroxine (FT4)
- free 8-24 x 10-12
- total 4-12 x 10-8
Thyroxine-binding
prealbumin 2.8-3.5 x 10-4
Thyroxine-binding
globulin 1.0-3.4 x 10-7
Tin 0-4 x 10-7 0-1 x 10-7
a-Tocopherol (Vitamin E) 5-20 x 10-6
Transcortin
- male 1.5-2 x 10-5
- female 1.6-2.5 x 10-5
Transferrin
- newborn 1.3-2.75 x 10-3
- adult 2.2-4 x 10-3
- age >60 yrs 1.8-3.8 x 10-3
Triglycerides 8.5-23.5 x 10-4 2.5-30 x 10-4
Tri-iodothyronine
- free 2.3-6.6 x 10-12
- total (T3) 0.75-2.50 x 10-9
Tryptophan 5-10 x 10-6 9-30 x 10-6
Tyrosine 8-14 x 10-6 4-25 x 10-6
Urea 2-4 x 10-4 2.8-4 x10-4
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In Plasma
Component In Whole Blood or Serum
(gm/cm3) (gm/cm3)
Uric acid 6-49 x 10-6 2-7 x 10-5
- child 3.5-7.2 x 10-5
- adult, male 2.6-6.0 x 10-5
- adult, female 2.0-5.5 x 10-5
Valine 2-2.9 x 10-5 1.7-4.2 x 10-5
In Plasma
Component In Whole Blood or Serum
(gm/cm3) (gm/cm3)
Vasointestinal peptide (VIP) 6-16 x 10-12
Vasopressin
- hydrated 4.5 x 10-13
- dehydrated 3.7 x 10-12
Zinc 5-13 x 10-6 7-15 x 10-7
Last updated on 7 December 2002