NMIIA

Nanomedicine, Volume IIA: Biocompatibility

Preferred Literature Citation for Nanomedicine, Volume IIA:

Robert A. Freitas Jr., Nanomedicine, Volume IIA: Biocompatibility, Landes Bioscience, Georgetown, TX, 2003; http://www.nanomedicine.com/NMIIA.htm

Capsule Summary of Nanomedicine, Volume IIA:

Nanomedicine, Vol. IIA: Biocompatibility (Landes Bioscience, 2003). The safety, effectiveness, and utility of medical nanorobotic devices will critically depend upon their biocompatibility with human organs, tissues, cells, and biochemical systems. In this second Volume of the Nanomedicine technical book series, we broaden the definition of nanomedical biocompatibility to include all of the mechanical, physiological, immunological, cytological, and biochemical responses of the human body to the introduction of artificial medical nanodevices, whether “particulate” (large doses of independent micron-sized individual nanorobots) or “bulk” (nanorobotic organs assembled either as solid objects or built up from trillions of smaller artificial cells or docked nanorobots inside the body) in form.

Purchase a Printed Copy of Nanomedicine, Volume IIA:

Landes Bioscience
Amazon.com (Hardcover)
Barnes & Noble (Hardcover)
S. Karger Publishers, Inc. (Hardcover)

Reviews of Nanomedicine, Volume IIA:

Chris Phoenix, "Interdisciplinary Triumph," Center for Responsible Nanotechnology (CRN), May 2004. Full Text (HTML)
"Nanomedicine, Vol. IIA," Plausible Futures Newsletter, 18 October 2003. Full Text (HTML)
Robert J. Bradbury, CEO, Aeiveos Corp., “A timely contribution to nanotechnology literature,” October 2003. Full Text (HTML)
Lawrence Rosenberg, Cecilia A. Haberzettl, Stephen S. Flitman, L. Stephen Coles, Owen P. Hamill, Michael Prater, Bai Xu, quoted on back cover of Nanomedicine, Volume IIA, October 2003. Full Text (HTML)
Ralph C. Merkle, "How does the body react to medical nanodevices?" Foresight Update, No. 52, 31 August 2003, pp. 10-11. Full Text (HTML) ..... Full Text (HTML)

Technical Criticisms of Nanomedicine, Volume IIA:

Richard A.L. Jones, Robert A. Freitas Jr., "Comments," Center for Responsible Nanotechnology (CRN) weblog, 4-11 May 2004. Full Text (HTML)

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Nanomedicine, Volume IIA: Biocompatibility

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Dedication ..... Local Copy (HTML)

Table of Contents ..... Local Copy (HTML)

List of Figures ..... Local Copy (HTML)

List of Tables ..... Local Copy (HTML)

Preface and Acknowledgements ..... Local Copy (HTML)

Opening Quotations ..... Local Copy (HTML)

Chapter 15.1 Are Diamondoid Nanorobots Hazardous? ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.1.1 Mechanical Damage from Ingested Diamond ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.1.2 Mechanical Damage from Inhaled Diamond ..... Local Copy (HTML)

Chapter 15.2 Classical Biocompatibility ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.2.1 Biocompatibility of Traditional Medical Implants ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.2.1.1 Orthopedic Biomaterials ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.2.1.2 Heart Valve Biomaterials ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.2.1.3 Bioactive Materials ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.2.1.4 Implant Infection and Biofilms ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.2.1.5 Contemporary Biocompatibility Test Methods ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.2.2 Adhesive Interactions with Implant Surfaces ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.2.2.1 Nonadhesive Nanorobot Surfaces ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.2.2.2 Adhesive Nanorobot Surfaces ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.2.2.3 Cell Response to Patterned Surfaces ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.2.2.4 Sorboregulatory and Adhesioregulatory Surfaces ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.2.3 Nanorobot Immunoreactivity ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.2.3.1 Overview of the Human Immune System ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.2.3.1.1 Nonspecific (Innate) Immune Response ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.2.3.1.2 Specific (Acquired) Immune Response ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.2.3.2 Complement Activation ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.2.3.3 Immunoglobulins (Antibodies) ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.2.3.4 Immunosuppression, Tolerization, and Camouflage ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.2.3.5 Immune Privilege ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.2.3.6 Immune Evasion ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.2.4 General and Nonspecific Inflammation ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.2.5 Coagulation and Thrombogenicity ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.2.6 Allergic and Other Sensitivity Reactions ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.2.6.1 Allergic Reactions (Hypersensitivity) ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.2.6.2 Sternutogenesis ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.2.6.3 Nauseogenesis and Emetogenesis ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.2.6.4 Nanoid Shock ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.2.7 Nanopyrexia ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.2.8 Nanorobot Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity ..... Local Copy (HTML)

Chapter 15.3 Biocompatibility of Nanomedical Materials ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.3.1 Biocompatibility of Diamond ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.3.1.1 Protein Adsorption on Diamond Surfaces ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.3.1.2 Cell Response to Diamond Surfaces ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.3.1.3 Biocompatibility of Diamond-Coated Prostheses ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.3.1.4 Biocompatibility of Diamond Particles ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.3.1.5 Chemical Inertness of Diamond ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.3.2 Biocompatibility of Carbon Fullerenes and Nanotubes ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.3.2.1 Pure Carbon Fullerenes and Nanotubes ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.3.2.2 Derivatized Carbon Fullerenes and Nanotubes ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.3.2.3 Fullerene-Based Pharmaceuticals ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.3.3 Biocompatibility of Nondiamondoid Carbon ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.3.3.1 Vitreous or Glassy Carbon ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.3.3.2 Pyrolytic or Low Temperature Isotropic Carbon ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.3.3.3 Graphite ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.3.3.4 Carbon Fiber Composites ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.3.3.5 Amorphous Carbon Particles ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.3.3.6 Corrosion Degradation Effects ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.3.4 Biocompatibility of Fluorocarbon Polymer ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.3.4.1 Protein Adsorption on Teflon Surfaces ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.3.4.2 Cell and Tissue Response to Bulk Teflon ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.3.4.3 Biocompatibility of Teflon-Coated Prostheses ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.3.4.4 Biocompatibility of Teflon Particles ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.3.4.5 Chemical Inertness of Teflon ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.3.5 Biocompatibility of Sapphire, Ruby, and Alumina ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.3.5.1 Protein Adsorption on Alumina and Sapphire ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.3.5.2 Sapphire Dental Implants ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.3.5.3 Tissue Response to Bulk Alumina and Sapphire ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.3.5.4 Cell Response to Bulk Alumina and Sapphire ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.3.5.5 Alumina and Sapphire Particles ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.3.5.6 Chemical Stability of Alumina and Sapphire ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.3.6 Biocompatibility of Other Nanomedical Materials ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.3.6.1 Biocompatibility of DNA ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.3.6.2 Biocompatibility of Shape Memory Materials ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.3.6.3 Biocompatibility of Metals, Semiconductors, and Quantum Dots ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.3.6.4 Biocompatibility of Dendrimers ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.3.6.5 Biocompatibility with Neural Cells ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.3.6.6 Biofouling of Medical Nanorobots ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.3.7 Biocompatibility of Nanorobot Effluents and Leachates ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.3.8 Nanorobotic Thermocompatibility ..... Local Copy (HTML)

Chapter 15.4 Systemic Nanorobot Distribution and Phagocytosis ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.4.1 Large Particle Movement ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.4.2 Geometrical Trapping of Bloodborne Medical Nanorobots ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.4.2.1 Geometrical Trapping in Lung Vasculature ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.4.2.2 Geometrical Trapping in Liver Vasculature ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.4.2.3 Geometrical Trapping in Spleen Vasculature ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.4.2.4 Geometrical Trapping in Kidney Vasculature ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.4.2.5 Geometrical Trapping Elsewhere in the Circulation ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.4.3 Phagocytosis of Medical Nanorobots ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.4.3.1 Phagocytes, Phagocytosis, and the RES ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.4.3.2 Phagocytosis of Bloodborne Microparticles ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.4.3.2.1 Phagocytosis and Opsonization in Blood ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.4.3.2.2 Phagocytosis in Lung Vasculature ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.4.3.2.3 Phagocytosis in Liver Vasculature ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.4.3.2.4 Phagocytosis in Spleen Vasculature ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.4.3.2.5 Phagocytosis in Kidney Vasculature ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.4.3.3 Particle Clearance from Nonsanguinous Spaces ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.4.3.3.1 Clearance of Particles from Tissues ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.4.3.3.2 Clearance of Ingested Particles ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.4.3.3.3 Clearance of Inhaled Particles ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.4.3.4 Particle Clearance from the Lymphatics ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.4.3.5 Foreign Body Granulomatous Reaction ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.4.3.6 Phagocyte Avoidance and Escape ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.4.3.6.1 Avoid Phagocytic Contact ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.4.3.6.2 Avoid Phagocytic Recognition ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.4.3.6.3 Avoid Phagocytic Binding and Activation ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.4.3.6.4 Inhibit Phagocytic Engulfment ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.4.3.6.5 Inhibit Enclosure and Scission ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.4.3.6.6 Induce Exocytosis of Phagosomal Vacuole ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.4.3.6.7 Inhibit Phagolysosomal Fusion ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.4.3.6.8 Inhibit Phagocyte Metabolism ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.4.3.6.9 Phagocytocide ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.4.3.6.10 Systemic Phagocytic Blockade ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.4.3.6.11 Artificial Biological Phagocytes ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.4.4 Biocompatibility of Nanorobot Fragments in vivo ..... Local Copy (HTML)

Chapter 15.5 Nanorobot Mechanocompatibility ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.5.1 Mechanical Interaction with Human Integument ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.5.1.1 Pruritus ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.5.1.2 Epidermalgia and Allodynia ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.5.1.3 Epithelial Pressure Ulcers ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.5.1.4 Mechanical Peristaltogenesis and Mucosacompatibility ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.5.2 Histopenetration and Perforation ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.5.2.1 Transepithelial Penetration ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.5.2.2 Transendothelial Penetration, Bruising and Edema ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.5.2.3 Nanorobot Convoy Formation ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.5.3 Vascular Mechanocompatibility ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.5.3.1 Modulation of Endothelial Phenotype and Function ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.5.3.1.1 Fluid Shear Stress ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.5.3.1.2 Stretch Forces ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.5.3.2 Vascular Response to Stenting ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.5.3.3 Nanorobotic Obstructive Mechanical Vasculopathy ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.5.3.4 Nanorobotic Destructive Mechanical Vasculopathies ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.5.3.4.1 Nanorobotic Ulcerative Vasculopathy ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.5.3.4.2 Nanorobotic Lacerative Vasculopathy ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.5.3.4.3 Nanorobotic Concussive Vasculopathy ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.5.3.5 Reduction of Vascular Permeability by Nanoaggregates ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.5.3.6 Non-Occluding Indwelling Vascular Obstructions ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.5.4 Mechanocompatibility with Extracellular Matrix and Tissue Cells ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.5.4.1 Force Threshold for Biological Response ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.5.4.2 Mechanical Damage to Extracellular Matrix Proteins ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.5.4.3 Size and Force Threshold for Perceptible Histonatation ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.5.5 Mechanocompatibility with Nontissue Cells ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.5.5.1 Mechanical Interactions with Erythrocytes ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.5.5.1.1 Nanorobotic Hemolysis ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.5.5.1.2 Erythrocyte Surface Fluctuations and Elasticity ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.5.5.1.3 Disruption of Erythrocyte Aggregation ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.5.5.2 Mechanical Interactions with Platelets ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.5.5.2.1 Nanorobotic Thrombocytolysis ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.5.5.2.2 Disruption of Platelet Aggregation ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.5.5.3 Mechanical Interactions with Leukocytes ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.5.5.3.1 Nanorobotic Leukocytolysis ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.5.5.3.2 Leukocyte Surface Fluctuations and Elasticity ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.5.5.3.3 Leukocyte Margination and Migration ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.5.5.3.4 Disruption of Leukocyte Aggregation ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.5.5.4 Viability of Confined, Pressurized, or Desiccated Cells ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.5.6 Electrocompatibility ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.5.6.1 Electrical Interactions with Cells ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.5.6.2 Surface Electrical Thrombogenicity ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.5.7 Cytomembrane and Intracellular Mechanocompatibility ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.5.7.1 Mechanical Interactions with Glycocalyx ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.5.7.2 Mechanical Cell Membrane Disruptions ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.5.7.2.1 Natural Cell Membrane Wounding ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.5.7.2.2 Cytopuncture and Membrane Resealing ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.5.7.2.3 Resident Transmembrane Penetrators ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.5.7.2.4 Organelle Membrane Breach ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.5.7.3 Mechanical Interactions with Cytoskeleton ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.5.7.3.1 Mechanical Cytoskeleton Disorganization ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.5.7.3.2 Disruption of Molecular Motors and Vesicular Transport ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.5.7.4 Intracellular Cavitation, Shock Waves, Decompression Nucleation, and Ballooning ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.5.7.5 Mechanical Disruption of Intracellular Microzones ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.5.7.6 Mechanically-Induced Proteolysis, Apoptosis, or Prionosis ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.5.7.7 Macromolecular Cross-Interface Adhesion ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.5.8 Nanorobot-Nanorobot Mechanocompatibility ..... Local Copy (HTML)

Chapter 15.6 Nanorobot Volumetric Intrusiveness ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.6.1 Somatic Intrusiveness ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.6.2 Bloodstream Intrusiveness ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.6.3 Cellular Intrusiveness ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.6.3.1 Membrane Elasticity and Cellular Expansion ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.6.3.2 Intracellular Lipofuscin and Storage Diseases ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.6.3.3 Intracellular Microspheres and Crystals ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.6.3.4 Phagocyte Ingesta ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.6.3.5 Intracellular Microbiota ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.6.3.6 Intracellular Nanorobot Intrusiveness ..... Local Copy (HTML)

15.6.4 Technological Intrusiveness ..... Local Copy (HTML)

Glossary ..... Local Copy (HTML)

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Index ..... Local Copy (HTML)

Back Cover ..... Local Copy (HTML)

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Nanomedicine Volume IIA, last updated on 5 September 2013

since 3 March 2003